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16
Resources / 1
« on: August 26, 2017, 10:03:37 am »
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17
Geology / ET Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 10:06:10 am »
***  This thread lists the HISTORY of Questions asked and Answers provided from the ET Discussion section. ***

[b]Expansion Tectonics Questions & Answers[/b]

[b]Summary of Questions[/b] (See next post for the same Questions with Answers, except for unanswered questions.)
(The questions are organized according to importance:
This sign > indicates questions not yet answered;
This + indicates new questions;
This ** means question is preliminarily answered;
Star [img]http://forums.naturalphilosophy.org/images/icons/star.png[/img] means question is well answered.
James kindly sent me a copy of his manuscript, so I'll try to find answers there too and post them below.)

[b]**Q1 Why did scientists reject expansion?[/b] [See answer under Q1 in next post]

[b]>Q2+ Do the shapes and (rock and fossil type) contents of opposite continental shores of all oceans (especially the Pacific) match very precisely?[/b] [[color=#ff3333][b]THIS IS THE MOST CRUCIAL QUESTION; IF AFFIRMED, IT WOULD NEARLY PROVE THE THEORY:[/b][/color] New question superficially answered. See under Q2 in third post]

[b]>Q3+ Did the Pacific Ocean expand first, followed by the Atlantic Ocean expanding and pushing the Americas over part of the Pacific?[/b] [New question not answered yet]

[b]>Q4+ Doesn't the sedimentary rock record indicate that all of the sediments were deposited by turbulent flooding over a short time period of months or years?[/b] [[color=#ff3333][b]THIS IS THE SECOND MOST CRUCIAL QUESTION; IF AFFIRMED, IT WOULD REQUIRE MODIFYING THE THEORY:[/b][/color] New question not answered yet]

[b]**Q5 What is the source of mass increase?[/b] [See answer under Q5 in next post]

[b]**Q6 Can Earth's total gain and loss of mass be quantified?[/b] [See answer under Q6 in next post]

[b]>Q7 Is mass increase dependent on the geomagnetic field?[/b] [Partly answered under Q2 in third post]

[b]**Q8 What is the geological evidence for mass increase?[/b] [See answer under Q8 in next post]

[b]**Q9 What is the mechanism for expansion?[/b] [See answer under Q9 in next post]

[b]>Q10 Does the fact that huge animals of the past could not move in today's gravity prove expansion?[/b] [[color=#ff3333][b]THIS IS AN IMPORTANT QUESTION:[/b] [/color]Not answered yet]

[b]>Q11 What is the evidence of accelerating expansion?[/b] [[color=#ff3333][b]THIS IS AN IMPORTANT QUESTION:[/b] [/color]Not answered yet]

[b]>Q12+ What determines the rate of expansion? And, if the rate of expansion increases, what causes the increased rate?[/b] [[color=#ff3333][b]THIS IS AN IMPORTANT QUESTION:[/b] [/color]New question not answered yet]

[b]**Q13 How can there be subduction with expansion?[/b] [See answer under Q13 in next post]

[b]**Q14 Do the lengths of subduction zones accord with ET?[/b] [See answer under Q14 in next post]

[b]**Q15 Why is there more expansion in ocean basins than on continents?[/b] [See answer under Q15 in next post]

[b]**Q16 How can mountains move horizontally great distances with expansion?[/b] [See answer under Q16 in next post]

[b]>Q17 How can ET account for the orientation of mountain ranges?[/b] [Not answered yet]

[b]**Q18 Does expansion show up initially only as crustal warping?[/b] [See answer under Q18 in next post]

[b]**Q19 Why hasn't sea level dropped greatly during expansion?[/b] [See answer under Q19 in next post]

[b]>Q20 How is iron formed in the Earth?[/b] [Not answered yet]

[b]>Q21+ If mass increase comes from the Sun, does the Sun shrink?[/b] [New question not answered yet]

[b]>Q22+ Do all rocky bodies expand? Do rocky bodies eventually become gas giants?[/b] [See partial in third post]

-----

Personal Note for possible next-level questions:
[[Q4a How could sedimentary rock strata have been separated into 3 basic types with each type being deposited individually for thousands of years followed by another individual type for more thousands of years without major flooding being the cause of separation of the sediment types?]]
[[Q4b How could conforming strata have been deposited for thousands of years without significant signs of erosion between strata?]]


[b]From Etherpad Discussion: This is to be edited later[/b]
_B: James at the conference gave a very indepth presentation. I don't know enough to support it yet.
_L: If James were to focus on determining if the rock and fossil types on opposite shores of the Pacific match up, he'd come close to clinching his theory (but not quite).
_B: Yes. I agree. But he said he has done that in great detail. He also matched all the magnetic pole data. This is what we have to wring out by bringing forth the evidence.
_L: Even if the shapes of opposite shores and the rock and fossil types match, it's still possible that Earth hasn't expanded significantly. Fred Juenemann pointed out that if the Earth was previously oval-shaped, such as due to magnetic forces, the same results would occur as for expansion.
_B: I believe there are people in CNPS, or others that we can draw to CNPS, already have the information needed to reslove these kinds of discrepancies. That's what I'm saying should be our goal - to develop a process that resolves the discrepancies. That's what I've tried to set up a process to do.
_So, using only this last point that you raised, try to lead the group to HELP YOU get to the answer. You should use the coordination sections to lay out your plan, what you want to do, what you want to achieve, and ask them directly to help.
_L: I'll probably copy [our discussion] and edit it and show you the result, possibly to put on the Forum or something.
_B: OK. What I thought it would be used for is starting a new discussion on communication tools. But, at this stage, no one else will tune in. So we'd just be using the Forum to organize and store the result. So, edit with that in mind - ie, how what you write will be read by some total new person years from now.

_L: I don't see a need for categorizing at this point. I think the questions should just be shown in order of importance to get the point across as to what are the most important questions to answer in detail. I plan to contact and maybe other members late Monday or thereafter, although I need to check manuscript first. Do you know if any members of the email string are interested in discussing ET? If so, do you think they'll be willing to discuss in the 6.2 Discussions section? If not, I'm willing to discuss on the email string and collect any important info they may have, but mainly just on the topics that I think are important for the theory.

18
Geology / PT Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 10:05:51 am »
PT:
_F: Stars & planets form by gravitational accretion of cosmic dust as per the Nebular Hypothesis
_C: Islands formed and mantle convection caused them to slowly form a supercontinent. Mantle convection caused the supercontinent to slowly split apart into continents.
_S: Sedimentary rock strata were deposited in shallow seas on the continents over millions of years.
_O: Mountain ranges formed slowly from continental collisions and magma plumes etc.
_GL: Glaciation was caused by cooling.

FQ: Isn't ESU more evidence-based?
CQ: Isn't continental sliding more reasonable than mantle convection?
SQ: Isn't sedimentation obviously caused by turbulent tsunami flooding due to tidal pull from close planet?
OQ: Collisions, yes, magma plumes, no. Si?
GLQ: Wasn't glaciation due to asteroid impacts?

19
Geology / ST Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 10:05:34 am »
ST:
_F: PT Nebular Hypothesis.
_C: Earth shrank significantly over millions of years, due to cooling.
_The lithosphere contains a worldwide network of deformable magma surge channels in which partial magma melt is in motion, due to Earth contraction and rotation.
_The Earth contains several concentric shells, which are explicable only if the Earth differentiated efficiently and at a much higher temperature than today.
_The antipodal positions of the continents and ocean basins (unlikely a matter of chance) mean that Earth passed through a molten phase. Heated spheres cool by rupture along great circles and remnants of two such great circles are active today: the Circum-Pacific and Tethys-Mediterranean fold systems.
_Flood basalt covering most of the seafloor and parts of continents originated from surge channel ruptures.
_Oceanization is the tendency of continental land to sink and become seafloor.
_Earth and planetary (particularly solar) interaction affects global tectonics
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges are formed by vertical uplift from below.
_There is Earth's core, mantle and crust interaction, in which thermal energy from the core is the fundamental energy source of global tectonic activities including earthquakes, volcanoes, rise and sink of the Earth surface, and global climate as well
_GL:

F: What about ESU?
C:
S:
O:
GL:

20
Geology / VC Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 10:05:17 am »
VC:
_F: Earth was formerly a moon of Saturn, but Saturn as a small star had a flareup which led to Earth escaping from Saturn.
_C:
_S:
_O:
_GL:



21
Geology / EU Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 10:04:57 am »
EU:
_F: Stars and planets form from galactic electric currents, which continue to power stars after formation.
_C:
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges were formed from electric discharges from the Sun or a large planet that heated a large discharge channel, which expanded, uplifting mountains.
_GL:


22
Geology / Summary of 8 theories
« on: August 25, 2017, 09:52:21 am »
[b]Comparison & Evaluation of Significant Tectonic Theories[/b]
1st. List significant tectonic theories;
2nd. Make a brief summary of the essential elements of each of these theories;
3rd. Make a table that compares and rates these elements of the theories.

[b]1st. Significant tectonic theories[/b] (Name of Theory; Main Proponents; Links)
All of the following tectonic theories are based on scientific evidence. Bringing together a larger collection of facts from each theory should improve all of the theories via an interdisciplinary synthesis.

[b]ET: Expansion Tectonics[/b] __ James Maxlow __ [url=http://www.expansiontectonics.com]http://www.expansiontectonics.com[/url]

[b]PT: Plate Tectonics __ Wikipedia __ [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics[/url][/b]

[b]ST: Surge Tectonics[/b] __ Dong Choi __ [url=http://ncgt.org]http://ncgt.org[/url]

[b]VC: Velikovskian Catastrophism[/b] __ (Immanuel Velikovsky, deceased), John Ackerman, Gary Gilligan __ [url=http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/Ve]http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/Ve[/url] , [url=http://www.firmament-chaos.com]http://www.firmament-chaos.com[/url] , [url=http://www.godkingscenario.com/]http://www.godkingscenario.com/[/url]

[b]EU: Electrodynamic Universe[/b] __ (Ralph Juergens, deceased), Wal Thornhill, Don Scott __ [url=http://holoscience.com]http://holoscience.com[/url], [url=http://thunderbolts.info]http://thunderbolts.info[/url]

[b]ESU: Electrostatic Universe[/b] __ Charles Chandler __ [url=http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=6031]http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=6031[/url]

[b]SD: Shock Dynamics[/b] __ Mike Fischer __ [url=http://NewGeology.us]http://NewGeology.us[/url] , (LK1-4) [url=http://funday.createaforum.com/index.php]http://funday.createaforum.com/index.php[/url]

[b]CR: Creationism[/b] __ Michael Oard, John Baumgardner __ [url=http://creation.com/michael-j-oard]http://creation.com/michael-j-oard[/url] , [url=http://www.socalsem.edu/2015/08/09/noahs-flood-the-key-to-correct-interpretation-of-earth-history]http://www.socalsem.edu/2015/08/09/noahs...th-history[/url]
(Aside from creation, which may not be testable, some versions of creationism are predominantly scientifically well founded.)

[b]2nd. Preliminary summary of "claims" for each theory (in 3 stages, considering 5 different Earth features at each stage)[/b]

[b]ET:[/b]
_F: PT Nebular Hypothesis. Then Earth (and other celestial bodies with magnetic fields) expanded significantly over millions of years.
_C: Earth oceans are where most expansion has occurred at Earth's surface. Earth's mass increase comes from the solar wind, which causes expansion at the core-mantle boundary inside the Earth.
_S: (See JM Manu.)
_O: Mountain ranges occur near continental edges due to reduction in the Earth's radius of curvature that occurs with expansion at the surface.
_GL: (See JM Manu.)


[b]PT[/b]:
_F: Stars & planets form by gravitational accretion of cosmic dust as per the Nebular Hypothesis
_C: Islands formed and mantle convection caused them to slowly form a supercontinent. Mantle convection caused the supercontinent to slowly split apart into continents.
_S: Sedimentary rock strata were deposited in shallow seas on the continents over millions of years.
_O: Mountain ranges formed slowly from continental collisions and magma plumes etc.
_GL: Glaciation was caused by cooling.

[b]ST:[/b]
_F: PT Nebular Hypothesis.
_C: Earth shrank significantly over millions of years, due to cooling.
_The lithosphere contains a worldwide network of deformable magma surge channels in which partial magma melt is in motion, due to Earth contraction and rotation.
_The Earth contains several concentric shells, which are explicable only if the Earth differentiated efficiently and at a much higher temperature than today.
_The antipodal positions of the continents and ocean basins (unlikely a matter of chance) mean that Earth passed through a molten phase. Heated spheres cool by rupture along great circles and remnants of two such great circles are active today: the Circum-Pacific and Tethys-Mediterranean fold systems.
_Flood basalt covering most of the seafloor and parts of continents originated from surge channel ruptures.
_Oceanization is the tendency of continental land to sink and become seafloor.
_Earth and planetary (particularly solar) interaction affects global tectonics
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges are formed by vertical uplift from below.
_There is Earth's core, mantle and crust interaction, in which thermal energy from the core is the fundamental energy source of global tectonic activities including earthquakes, volcanoes, rise and sink of the Earth surface, and global climate as well
_GL:


[b]VC:[/b]
_F: Earth was formerly a moon of Saturn, but Saturn as a small star had a flareup which led to Earth escaping from Saturn.
_C:
_S:
_O:
_GL:


[b]SD:[/b]
_F:
_C: Then a giant meteorite impact north of what is now Madagascar divided the protocontinent into the continents and islands via Shock Dynamics.
_S: During this Flood orbiting asteroid-caused tsunamis deposited sediment from the continental shelf onto the protocontinent.
- As atmospheric pressure fell, much calcium carbonate precipitated from the sea water, forming thick sedimentary rock with fossils.
_O: The movement of plates raised nearly all of the mountain chains via horizontal compression, and initiated global volcanism.
_GL: Movement of continents toward the poles along with atmospheric moisture and volcanic and impact dust led to glaciation.

[b]EU:[/b]
_F: Stars and planets form from galactic electric currents, which continue to power stars after formation.
_C:
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges were formed from electric discharges from the Sun or a large planet that heated a large discharge channel, which expanded, uplifting mountains.
_GL:

[b]ESU:[/b]
_F: Stars and planets form by implosions of galactic electrostatic filaments, which produce current-free electric double layers within the bodies, which produce radiation, earthquakes, volcanism etc.
_C: Stars decay, eventually becoming gas giant planets, which lose atmosphere and become rocky planets.
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges were formed by rapid continental drift due to a large asteroid impact.
_GL:

[b]CR:[/b]
_F: The solar system was created.
_C: The Earth was created.
_S: Tsunamis deposited sediment from the continental shelf onto the protocontinent, forming thick sedimentary rock with fossils.
_O: Rapid continental drift due to mantle convection formed mountain ranges.
_GL: Asteroid impacts led to glaciation.

-----

ET:___(For Stage 2) G: Megafauna were able to move on a smaller Earth, because it had less mass and weaker gravity.
ST:___(For Stage 2) M: The Mohorovicic discontinuity originated during the initial cooling of the Earth, which was the level of neutral buoyancy where surge channels form.
VC:___(For Stage 2) _A: Global cataclysms occurred about 3 millennia ago as described in ancient myths.
_A great flood occurred during the cataclysms.
_I: When Earth escaped from Saturn it had near collisions with Venus and Mars. The surface features on the rocky planets and moons were caused by asteroid and meteor impacts and electric discharges or megalightning.
SD:___(For Stage 2) _A: A great Flood occurred about 11,500 years ago.
_G: Before the Flood there was a protocontinent and Earth's atmosphere was dense, so many creatures grew to gigantic sizes.
_G: "Cenozoic" large mammals & others were buried by flooding and were fossilized.
_I: A long swarm of meteorites of all sizes struck the Moon and the Earth, causing heavy rain and loss of much of the atmosphere.
_I: After the Flood the Chicxulub meteorite hit Mexico, spreading iridium and shocked quartz over the protocontinent.
EU:___(For Stage 2) _A: Global cataclysms occurred about 4,500 years ago as described in ancient myths.
- Eventually, due to the Sun's gravity or electrical charge effects, the three rocky planets escaped from Saturn, leading to cataclysmic near collisions.
- A great flood occurred during the cataclysms.
_I: The surface features on the rocky planets and moons were caused by electric discharges or megalightning.
ESU:___(For Stage 2) _I: The surface features on the rocky planets and moons were caused by asteroid and meteor impacts, largely via thermonuclear explosions.
CR:___(For Stage 2) _A: An orbiting asteroid caused megatsunamis and a great Flood about 5,000 years ago.
_I: Asteroid impacts caused the plate tectonic convection in the mantle, which caused rapid continental drift.

[b]-----[/b]

[b]3rd. Table for Theories Comparison & Evaluation[/b]
_Stage 1
F: (Formation) Origin & Dating of Earth & Solar System
C: Origin, Arrangement & Composition of Continental & Oceanic Crust
S: Origin & Dating of Sedimentary Rock Strata & Fossils
O: Cause of Orogenesis
GL: Cause of Glaciation
_Stage 2
I: Impact Events
A: Ancient Reports of Global Catastrophe
M: Cause of Mohorovicic Discontinuity
G: Cause of Ancient Gigantism
R: Cause of Radioactivity
_Stage 3
V: Causes of Volcanism
E: Causes of Earthquakes
IM: Origin of Igneous & Metamorphic Rock
GM: Cause of Geomagnetism
OA: Origin of Oceans & Atmosphere

(Previous List)
Earth Composition, Origin, Dating, Continental Crust, Oceanic Crust, Igneous & Metamorphic Rock, Volcanism, Earthquakes, Sedimentary Rock Strata, Limestone, Fossils, Gigantism, Atmosphere, Geomagnetism, Radioactivity, Impact Features, Ancient Reports

23
Geology / ESU Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 09:52:05 am »
ESU:
_F: Stars and planets form by implosions of galactic electrostatic filaments, which produce current-free electric double layers within the bodies, which produce radiation, earthquakes, volcanism etc.
_C: Stars decay, eventually becoming gas giant planets, which lose atmosphere and become rocky planets.
_S:
_O: Mountain ranges were formed by rapid continental drift due to a large asteroid impact.
_GL:


24
Geology / SD Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 09:51:51 am »
SD:
_F:
_C: A giant meteorite impact north of what is now Madagascar divided the protocontinent into the continents and islands via Shock Dynamics.
_S: During this Flood orbiting asteroid-caused tsunamis deposited sediment from the continental shelf onto the protocontinent.
- As atmospheric pressure fell, much calcium carbonate precipitated from the sea water, forming thick sedimentary rock with fossils.
_O: The movement of plates raised nearly all of the mountain chains via horizontal compression, and initiated global volcanism.
_GL: Movement of continents toward the poles along with atmospheric moisture and volcanic and impact dust led to glaciation.

Shock Dynamics claims that the magnetic striping of ocean spreading-center ridges was due to the fluctuating magnetic field during the major impact-caused rapid continental drift event.

It also claims that the Pacific ridge formed during an earlier similar event.

Q1: Then are the striping patterns obviously different for the Pacific and Atlantic and Indian Ocean ridges?

Q2: If not, could two separate events produce the same magnetic striping pattern, even if the impacts that caused them were of greatly different sizes?

Q3: What is the evidence that the Pacific striping is considerably older than the others?

Q4: How well do the rock and fossil types of southern Australia and east Africa match where you think the great impact occurred? Where is the data? Is the match there very unique?

From James Maxlow's manuscript:
Page 143-144: [Flat continents]
... Small Earth modeling has previously suggested that throughout this extended period of [Precambrian] time the ancient Earth had a relatively flat featureless landscape, devoid of mountains, and included an extensive network of relatively shallow continental platform seas. Deposition of sediments within these shallow seas included chemically-precipitated siliceous chert, carbonate, and banded iron formation rocks. In contrast to the Precambrian, Figure 19.1 shows that the rapidly changing Palaeozoic times coincided with the development and evolution of all complex life forms on Earth. Environmental change during these times went from stable featureless land conditions, to increasingly elevated topography, to increased disruption and geographic isolation of the lands and continental seas.

>>Pages 188-189: [No Foreign Asteroids]
... In 2001 ... a team at the Carnegie Institute of Washington reported precise measurement of isotopic signatures ... of lunar rocks [which were found to be] identical with rocks from Earth and were similarly different from almost all other bodies in the Solar System. In 2012 ... and ... 2016 ... [other studies] also indicated that the Moon has the same composition as the Earth and the two bodies are indistinguishable. ... [Thus] the Moon and Earth may not have been involved in heavy bombardment from asteroids or comets colliding with the Earth and lunar surface. Debris from foreign asteroids or comets would have been readily detected in the research carried out by the Carnegie Institute by showing a distinctly separate isotopic signature, which it clearly doesn’t.

>>Pages 199-200: [Bombardment]
... After gradual separation of the Moon [from the body of the Earth], it is further envisaged that ... fragments ... from this separation process would have bombarded both bodies, forming the now familiar cratering on the near side of the Moon’s surface. Much cooler temperature conditions on the Moon may also explain why the primitive Moon cooled and crystallised ... earlier than the primitive Earth, thus preserving this period of surface bombardment and cratering.

>>Page 201: [Sedimentary deposition]
... On an increasing radius Earth the small Earth modeling studies show that, during early-Palaeozoic to present-day times there have been a number of drastic and prolonged changes to sea-levels which coincide with known extinction events. On these models, major changes in sea-levels were shown to occur as a result of separation or merging of previous ancient continental seas, as well as onset of geosynclinal activity and orogenesis, breakup of the ancient supercontinents, opening of the modern oceans, and draining of the ancient continental seas. Depending on the severity of these events, it was considered that sealevel changes may have also adversely affected regional to global-scale climate, as well as ocean-water circulation patterns, species habitats, and the type and location of sedimentary deposition.

25
Geology / CR Q&A's
« on: August 25, 2017, 09:51:28 am »
CR:
_F: The solar system was created.
_C: The Earth was created.
_S: Tsunamis deposited sediment from the continental shelf onto the protocontinent, forming thick sedimentary rock with fossils.
_O: Rapid continental drift due to mantle convection formed mountain ranges.
_GL: Asteroid impacts led to glaciation.

26
Geology / 1
« on: August 25, 2017, 09:51:01 am »
xxxxxxxxxxx

Pages: 1 [2]